Chronic inflammation plays a significant role in the development and progression of diabetes. Despite growing interest in probiotic and synbiotic supplementation, there is limited consensus on their efficacy in modulating inflammatory cytokines. This meta-analysis evaluates the impact of these supplements on inflammatory cytokines in adults with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

A comprehensive search was conducted on online databases from their inception to September 2025 to identify relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Data were extracted from selected studies. The overall effect size was determined using weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) through a random-effects model.